Links to Entries by Index Letter
[A]	[B]	[C]	[D]	[E]	[F]	[G]	[H]	[I]	[J]	[K]	[L]	[M]	[N]	[O]	[P]	[Q]	[R]	[S]	[T]	[U]	[V]	[W]	[X]	[Y]	[Z]

Union Jack
The national flag of the United Kingdom is the Union Flag, generally known as the Union Jack. The name is derived from the use of the Union Flag on the jack-staff at the bow of naval vessels. The flag is a combination of:

• the cross of the patron saint of England, St George (cross gules in a field argent - red cross on a silver (white) background)
• the cross of the patron saint of Scotland, Saint Andrew (saltire argent in a field azure - silver (white) diagonal cross on a blue background)
• a cross similar to that of St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland (saltire gules in a field argent - red diagonal cross on a silver (white) background

Jingoism
The word was coined during the Russo-Turkish war of 1877 - 1878. On June 4th 1878 an Anglo-Turkish agreement was made to check Russian advance in Asia Minor. Under this agreement, Britain pledged to defend Turkey against further attack and in return was allowed to occupy Cyprus. George William Hund penned a ballad on the affair and this immediately became popular in the Music Halls of London. It contained the refrain:

We don't want to fight, but, by jingo! if we do,
We've got the ships, we've got the men, we've got the money too.
We've fought the Bear before, and while Britons shall be true,
The Russians shall not have Constantinople.

George Jeffreys
George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Wem, (1648-89) has become notorious as the Hanging Judge . He was called to the bar in 1668 and rose rapidly to the bench to become the common serjeant of the City of London by 1671. Nominally a Puritan during the Commonwealth, he began to become politically active and to intrigue for Royal favour. He was successful in this and was appointed solicitor to the Duke of York (later James II) and knighted in 1677. In the following year he was appointed Recorder (part time judge) of London and was actively involved in the prosecutions during the Popish Plot - the supposed plot by Catholics to murder Charles II which was invented by Titus Oates in 1678. The public hysteria which this brought about resulted in twenty-four judicial murders and was exploited by the Whigs to exclude Catholics from Parliament and the Armed forces.
Jeffreys continued his meteoric rise becoming chief Justice of Chester and King's Serjeant in 1680, a Baronet in 1681 and chief justice of the King's Bench in 1683. He was an able and impartial judge in civil cases but quite otherwise in criminal cases. The first intimation of this came in the trial of Algernon Sidney in 1683. Sidney was the second son of the second earl of Leicester who fought on the parliamentary side in the Civil War. On the Restoration he went into exile on the Continent but returned in 1677. In 1683 it was alleged that he was involved in the so-called Rye House plot to murder Charles II. Jeffreys tried him and, despite the lack of evidence, produced a death sentence. In every state trial that followed, Jeffreys was clearly a willing tool of the Crown and was raised to the peerage in 1685.
The Monmouth rebellion in 1685 was led by the illegitimate son of Charles II, James Scott, the Duke of Monmouth. His intention was to remove James II from the throne. Landing at Lyme Regis, in Dorset, he collected a small army of westcountrymen. These, however were no match for the royal forces and were crushed at Sedgemoor on July 6th. Jeffreys was dispatched to the western Assize circuit to try the rebels. He was nothing if not prolific. One hundred and fifty rebels, including Monmouth, were sentenced to death and another eight hundred to transportation. In addition, hundreds were whipped and fined the whole affair becoming known as the Bloody Assizes.
Jeffreys became Lord Chancellor in that year and supported the measures of James II as president of the newly-restored Court of High Commission. He was involved in the trials of seven bishops who had plotted to engineer the usurpation of the throne by James's son-in-law William of Orange. His views on witchcraft were moderate not, despite modern popular belief, of the Witch-finder General type. James was overthrown in 1688 and Jefries tried to escape disguised as a sailor. However, he was arrested at Wapping and sent to the Tower of London for his own protection. He died there on April 18 1689.

Jukebox
In 1890, two U.S. patents for the first jukebox were issued to Louis Glass and his business associate, William S. Arnold concerning a coin actuated attachment for phonographs. Their first jukebox was a coin-operated Edison Class M Electric Phonograph with an oak cabinet. It was placed in the Palais Royale Saloon in San Francisco. The techniques of amplification had yet to be invented so, for a nickel a play, a patron could listen using one of four listening tubes. Known as "Nickel-in-the-Slot," the machine was an instant success, earning over $1000 in less than half a year.

Scroll through the series: